5G network architecture, however, is characterized by virtualization, and all will go beyond the horizon of virtualization. Mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) are playing an increasingly important role in the telecoms industry. IIJ’s MVNO was the first Japanese MVNO to support the 3G network in 2008, the first MVNO to support the LTE network in 2012, and the first full MVNO, which is a virtual operator with its own mobile core network and own mobile network code (MNC). IIJ provides comprehensive network services – not only fixed Internet access, but also data centers, cloud services, outsourcing, applications and mobile business as an MVNO. Before 5G, an MVNO’s typical distinction is in how much the network facilities are operated by MVNOs.
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